Hutan, Spesies di empat benua terancam
oleh ekspansi kelapa sawit--E FLONA—E-FLONA—FLORA—FAUNA—LINGKUNGAN—BERITA LINGKUNGAN
FLORA FAUNA TERBARU—BERITA LINGKUNGAN FLORA FAUNA TERKINI—BERITA LINGKUNGAN
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Hutan, Spesies di empat benua terancam
oleh ekspansi kelapa sawit
strategi konservasi lokal, disesuaikan
dengan ancaman yang berbeda di masing-masing daerah, akan diperlukan untuk
melindungi spesies yang berisiko
Sumber:
Duke University
Ringkasan:
Seperti produksi minyak sawit meluas
dari Asia Tenggara ke Amerika dan Afrika, hutan tropis rentan dan spesies di
empat benua menghadapi peningkatan risiko kerugian, temuan sebuah studi baru .
Daerah terbesar hutan rentan ada di Afrika dan Amerika Selatan. Tetapi karena
hutan di seluruh 20 negara yang diteliti mengandung konsentrasi tinggi spesies
mamalia dan burung yang berbeda yang terancam punah, upaya konservasi perlu
menggabungkan solusi lokal yang disesuaikan dengan masing-masing daerah.
label
Hutan, Spesies di empat benua terancam
oleh ekspansi kelapa sawit,palm oil,
sawit,lingkungan,minyak sawit,deforestasi,environment.tropis,Asia Tenggara ,Amerika Selatan,Indonesia
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Seperti produksi minyak sawit meluas dari Asia Tenggara ke daerah tropis Amerika
dan Afrika, hutan yang rentan dan spesies di empat benua menghadapi
peningkatan risiko kerugian, menurut sebuah studi baru yang dipimpin
Universitas Duke .
penelitian menunjukkan Daerah terbesar hutan rentan ada di Afrika dan
Amerika Selatan, di mana lebih dari 30 persen hutan dalam lahan yang cocok
untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit tetap terlindungi.
Laju deforestasi baru-baru ini telah menjadi tertinggi di Asia Tenggara
dan Amerika Selatan, khususnya Indonesia, Ekuador dan Peru, di mana
lebih dari setengah dari semua kelapa sawit ditanam di lahan yang dibuka
sejak tahun 1989.
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"Hampir semua kelapa sawit ditanam di tempat-tempat yang dulu hutan tropis.
Kliring hutan ini mengancam keanekaragaman hayati dan meningkatkan emisi
gas rumah kaca," kata Varsha Vijay, seorang mahasiswa doktoral
di Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment yang memimpin penelitian.
"Dengan mengidentifikasi di mana dorongan maksimal deforestasi kelapa
sawit baru-baru ini terjadi dan pemodelan mana ekspansi masa depan
kemungkinan besar, kita bisa membimbing usaha untuk mengurangi
dampak-dampak yang merugikan," kata Vijay.
Minyak kelapa sawit saat ini adalah minyak nabati yang paling banyak
diperdagangkan di dunia, menurut Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian
Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Minyak, yang dipanen dari kelapa sawit, dan
turunannya adalah bahan umum dalam banyak makanan olahan dan produk
perawatan pribadi. Sebagai permintaan global tumbuh, petak besar hutan
tropis sedang dikonversi menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit di 43 negara.
Menggunakan 25 tahun resolusi tinggi Google Earth dan citra satelit Landsat,
Vijay dan timnya dilacak sejauh mana deforestasi ini terjadi di empat
wilayah: Asia Tenggara, Afrika, Amerika Selatan dan Mesoamerika, yang
meliputi Meksiko, Amerika Tengah dan Karibia.
Mereka memodelkan di mana deforestasi di masa mendatang kemungkinan
besar terjadi, berdasarkan laju ekspansi baru-baru ini di masing-masing daerah
dan luasnya hutan ada yang cocok terlindungi .
Tim menerbitkan temuannya 27 Juli dalam jurnal peer-review,
open access PLoS ONE.
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Karena
hutan di empat wilayah mengandung konsentrasi tinggi mamalia dan burung
yang
berbeda spesies terancam punah atau pemusnahan, upaya konservasi harus
menggabungkan strategi yang disesuaikan dengan masing-masing daerah,
kata
Stuart Pimm, Doris Duke Professor of Conservation at
Duke.
"Sementara Amazon dan Indonesia memiliki banyak spesies
mamalia terancam
sedunia dan burung, daerah lain seperti Basin Kongo dan hutan
pantai
Kolombia adalah rumah bagi spesies dengan rentang kecil yang membuat
mereka rentan terhadap hilangnya habitat meskipun tidak diklasifikasikan
sebagai terancam atau terancam punah, "katanya. "Hal ini perlu
dipertimbangkan dalam perencanaan konservasi.""Banyak penelitian
terakhir telah difokuskan hanya
pada Indonesia dan Malaysia, yang menghasilkan
lebih dari 80 persen minyak sawit dunia. Dengan mengevaluasi deforestasi yang
disebabkan oleh produksi
minyak sawit di 20 negara di empat daerah, penelitian
kami menunjukkan bahwa
dampak keanekaragaman hayati ekspansi ini sangat berbeda
dari negara
ke negara dan wilayah ke wilayah, "kata Clinton Jenkins dari the Institute
for Ecological Research di Brazil."Industri
kelapa sawit memiliki warisan dari deforestasi, dan tekanan konsumen saat ini mendorong
perusahaan ke arah sumber deforestasi bebas dari minyak sawit," kata
Sharon Smith dari Union of Concerned Scientists, yang turut menulis penelitian
dengan Vijay, Pimm dan Jenkins .
"Penelitian ini membantu kita memahami mana yang untuk fokus pada
penggunaan peraturan pemerintah dan intervensi pasar sukarela untuk
membentuk ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan cara yang melindungi
ekosistem yang kaya keanekaragaman hayati dan mencegah deforestasi," kata Smith.
sumber
Story Source:
Materials provided by Duke University. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
1.
Varsha Vijay, Stuart L. Pimm, Clinton N. Jenkins,
Sharon J. Smith. The Impacts of
Oil Palm on Recent Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss. PLOS ONE,
2016; 11 (7): e0159668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159668
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sumber asli
Forests, species on four continents threatened by palm oil
expansion
Local conservation strategies, tailored to
each region's differing threats, will be needed to protect at-risk species
Date:
July 27,
2016
Source:
Duke
University
Summary:
As palm oil production expands from Southeast Asia into the
Americas and Africa, vulnerable tropical forests and species on four continents
face increased risk of loss, a new study finds. The largest areas of vulnerable
forest are in Africa and South America. But because forests in all 20 countries
studied contain high concentrations of different mammal and bird species at
risk of extinction, conservation efforts need to incorporate localized
solutions tailored to each region.
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As palm oil production expands from Southeast Asia into tropical regions of
the Americas and Africa, vulnerable forests and species on four continents face
increased risk of loss, a new Duke University-led study finds.
The largest areas of vulnerable forest are in Africa and South America,
where more than 30 percent of forests within land suitable for oil palm
plantations remain unprotected, the study shows.
Rates of recent deforestation have been highest in Southeast Asia and South
America, particularly Indonesia, Ecuador and Peru, where more than half of all
oil palms are grown on land cleared since 1989.
"Almost all oil palm is grown in places that once were tropical
forests. Clearing these forests threatens biodiversity and increases greenhouse
gas emissions," said Varsha Vijay, a doctoral student at Duke's Nicholas
School of the Environment who led the study.
"By identifying where the greatest extent of palm oil-driven
deforestation has recently occurred and modelling where future expansion is
most likely, we can guide efforts to reduce these adverse impacts," Vijay
said.
Palm oil is now the world's most widely traded vegetable oil, according to
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The oil, which is
harvested from oil palms, and its derivatives are common ingredients in many
processed foods and personal care products. As global demand grows, large
swaths of tropical forest are being converted into oil palm plantations in 43
countries.
Using 25 years of high-resolution Google Earth and Landsat satellite
imagery, Vijay and her team tracked the extent of this deforestation in four
regions: Southeast Asia, Africa, South America and Mesoamerica, which includes
Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean.
They modeled where future deforestation is most likely to occur, based on
the pace of recent expansion in each region and the extent of suitable forest
left unprotected there.
The team published its findings July 27 in the peer-reviewed, open-access
journal PLOS ONE.
Because forests in all four regions contain high concentrations of
different mammal and bird species at risk of extinction or extirpation,
conservation efforts will need to incorporate strategies tailored to each
region, said Stuart Pimm, Doris Duke Professor of Conservation at Duke.
"While the Amazon and Indonesia have many species of globally threatened
mammals and birds, other areas such as the Congo Basin and the coastal forests
of Colombia are home to species with small ranges that make them especially
vulnerable to habitat loss despite not being classified as threatened or
endangered," he said. "This needs to be considered in conservation
planning."
"Many past studies have focused solely on Indonesia and Malaysia,
which produce more than 80 percent of the world's palm oil. By evaluating
deforestation caused by palm oil production in 20 countries across four
regions, our study demonstrates that the biodiversity impacts of this expansion
are very different from country to country and region to region," said
Clinton Jenkins of the Institute for Ecological Research in Brazil.
"The palm oil industry has a legacy of deforestation, and today
consumer pressure is pushing companies toward deforestation-free sources of
palm oil," noted Sharon Smith of the Union of Concerned Scientists, who
co-authored the study with Vijay, Pimm and Jenkins.
"This research helps us understand where to focus on using government
regulation and voluntary market interventions to shape oil palm plantation
expansion in ways that protect biodiversity-rich ecosystems and prevent
deforestation," Smith said.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Duke University. Note: Content may be edited for
style and length.
Journal Reference:
2.
Varsha Vijay, Stuart L. Pimm, Clinton N. Jenkins, Sharon J. Smith. The
Impacts of Oil Palm on Recent Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss. PLOS
ONE, 2016; 11 (7): e0159668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159668
